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Publication Details

Working Paper Series
WP0167-13
TitleAgroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi series: Livelihood strategies and land use system dynamics in South Sulawesi
AuthorNoviana Khususiyah, Janudianto, Isnurdiansyah, S. Suyanto and James M Roshetko
Year2012
PublisherWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program
City of PublicationBogor, Indonesia
Series NumberWorking paper 155
Number of Pages47
Call NumberWP0167-13
KeywordsAgFor Sulawesi Project, South Sulawesi, land-use dynamics, livelihoods, income, coffee, cacao, cloves, agroforestry
Abstract:
The project ‘Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi: Linking Knowledge with Action’ (the ‘AgFor Sulawesi Project’) is being implemented in 3 provinces of Sulawesi, Indonesia (South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and Gorontalo) from 2011 to 2016 to enhance agroforestry and forestry livelihood systems of rural communities. The baseline survey reported in this document was conducted to support the project. The main objectives were to study the general characteristics of community livelihoods, local farming systems and land-use systems based on community perspectives. The assessment of land-use dynamics, farming systems and livelihood strategies in 2 districts of South Sulawesi was considered essential for designing the next phase of the project. The livelihood baseline study addressed both community and household levels.
The group discussion results within the three village typologies showed that there were quite clear distinctions in terms of livelihood options, tree crops and farm management. In the first typology - degraded land with annual crops system villages (Kayu Loe and Bonto Karaeng), the maize area had increased significantly during the last 40 years; conversely there was a significant decrease in candlenut and other plantation areas. The use of maize induced farmers to manage their land intensively. In the second typology - agroforestry system villages (Pattaneteang and Campaga), coffee and clove cultivation had increased quite significantly during the last 40 years but the maize and forest area had declined. Farmers in these typologies have practised complex agroforestry systems (coffee, cacao and clove) for a long time. In the third typology - timber-based system villages (Tugondeng and Tana Towa), land-use dynamics were different. In Tugondeng the coconut area had increased quite significantly over the last 40 years to the point that it is now the major resource. In Tana Towa, almost all of the land-use options had remained unchanged during the last 40 years owing to strong customary law (‘Adat’) in the village to protect forest area from conversion/encroachment. The agroforestry systems in these villages mirrored those of the second typology with expanding smallholder timber plantations to support livelihoods.
The household survey concluded that the average total income per year per household for farmers working in typology 1 was lower than that of typologies 2 and 3. The major sources of income for farmers in typology 1 were maize fields and remittances; typology 2 farmers depended on their agroforestry products and typology 3 farmers were supported by coconut plantations and entrepreneurial activities. The daily per capita income of farmers in typology 1 areas was below the international poverty line.
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