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| Article Title | Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models | | Author | Betserai I. Nyoka, James M Roshetko, Ramni Jamnadass, Jonathan Muriuki, Antoine Kalinganire, Jens-Peter B. Lillesø, Tracy Beedy and Jonathan Cornelius | | Year | 2014 | | Journal Title | Small-scale Forestry | | Institution | Springer | | Pages | 1-20 | | Call Number | JA0597-14 | | Keywords | Germplasm quality, Species diversity, Genetic diversity, Certification, Branding, Markets |
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| Abstract: |
| The paper reviews tree seed and seedling supply systems in sub-Saharan
Africa, Asia and Latin America. Across these regions, the review found that some of
the germplasm supply systems do not efficiently meet farmers’ demands and
environmental expectations in terms of productivity, species and genetic diversity.
In some countries, germplasm used is mostly sourced from undocumented sources
and often untested. Germplasm quality control systems are only found in a few
countries. Appreciation of the value of tree germplasm of high genetic quality is
low. Non-government organisations (NGOs) in many African countries play a
prominent role in the supply of germplasm which is usually given to farmers without charge. The practice of giving farmers free germplasm by NGOs in many
African countries and also government participation in germplasm supply in some
Asian countries has been blamed for crowding out private entrepreneurs, although
this is not substantiated by any evidence to suggest that the smallholder farmers are
willing and able to pay for the germplasm. In some Latin American countries,
private companies, government and NGOs provide farmers tree germplasm in a
partnership in which farmers provide land and labour in return. Overall, tree
germplasm markets are large in Asia, due in part to large afforestation programs,
intermediate in Latin America and small in Africa where smallholder farmers
constitute the market. In countries where germplasm quality control is practiced, it
is either through a legal framework or voluntary. A few countries in Africa, Asia
and Latin America have developed protocols for certification of tree seeds based on
the OECD. Some germplasm suppliers use branding as a way of differentiating their
germplasm as having superior quality. To enhance the use of high quality germplasm,
there is a need to demonstrate the value of using such germplasm and raise
awareness of germplasm quality among the farmers and policy-makers. |
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