| Abstract: |
| Rural livelihoods many times have to face situations where utilization of natural resources result in damages or degradation of the ecosystems or environment. Such situations are commonly found in cases of, among others, communities living in forest margins and engaged in forest product extraction or communities living in the upstream catchment and practicing agriculture on sloping land. Conservation efforts in such areas should bear the principles of livelihood support in order to be sustainable and well-participated by the local actors. Addressing multiple interests is a key, hence the participatory and multistakeholder approaches for landscape management strategies development and planning. Overall aim of this review is to present lessons learnt from landscape management strategies developed with various actors and stakeholders in six landscapes in South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and Gorontalo, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The landscape management strategies represent three domains of intervention: a) rewarding well-maintained upstream landscape for source water provision, b) community management rights in forest with conservation status and c) collaborative land rehabilitation in upstream catchments. The review focused on observing affecting factors, opportunities and challenges for each strategy and adopted SWOT in analyzing the livelihood assets/capitals involved. Across the three types of strategies under review, natural capital was the key aspect, especially as the strength for ecosystem service rewards and as challenges for the other strategies. Limiting factors are dominated by the social capital encompassing gaps in regulation, low institutional capacities and prolonged land tenure conflicts. To some extent, human capital also poses challenges with the low capacities of the actors involved. Opportunities identified from the strategies represent all types of capital, such as village enterprise (financial capital), improved and sustainable practices on land management (human and natural capital), collective actions and mutual benefits (social capital). Threats that need to be anticipated are mainly related to social capital, referring to the reliance on local champions or local leaders and the potential changes in direction of policies and political situations. These findings are expected to provide lessons learnt for similar context in other areas, with the challenges and limiting factors to be anticipated prior to the entire process of landscape management strategy development. |
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