Private forests can contribute to farmers’ livelihoods because of their ability to provide farmers’ needs, which consist of short-term or daily needs (such as food and daily income), mid-term needs (such as school fees) and long-term needs (such as home renovation, savings, marriage expenditure). Based on this, private forest planting patterns have changed from monocultural to polycultural patterns. The combination of several commodities in private forests can be seen as an attempt at land optimization. Alteration of planting patterns has occurred owing to the increasing demand of land for agriculture (Oktalina et al 2016). Agricultural land has become limited because of conversion to settlements, industrial areas etc. The Indonesian Central Statistics Agency stated that, in general, agricultural land area in 2015 in each province in Indonesia had decreased compared to previous years (BPS 2018), causing rice production to decline. The decrease of rice production is associated with an increase in the price of unhulled rice. |
